枕下三角的超声解剖学研究

目的探讨枕下三角境界及内容物的检查方法与超声解剖学特点,为临床检查枕下三角提供超声影像学资料。方法对100例健康成年人枕下区进行超声检查,描述枕下三角境界的超声判定及解剖关系;阐述枕大神经的走行特点,测量头下斜肌表面枕大神经的横截面积;记录椎动脉V3段管腔内径(D)、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期末流速(EDV)、阻力指数(PI)。结果 (1)寰椎后结节左侧约1 cm处纵切声像图显示寰椎后弓呈"短弧形"强回声,其后上方为头后大直肌、后下方为头下斜肌,三者分别构成枕下三角的底、内上界和外下界。(2)寰椎侧块处纵切声像图显示侧块为"平台样"强回声结构,其后方为椎动脉V3段、下方紧接寰椎后弓;后弓后方为头下斜肌、后上方为头上斜肌,头上斜肌构成三角的外上界,后弓与椎动脉V3段之间为枕下神经所在区域。(3)枕大神经长轴声像图显示神经从头下斜肌下缘发出后向内上走行于头下斜肌及头后大直肌与头半棘肌之间;不同性别头下斜肌表面枕大神经横截面积两侧比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)寰椎侧块处横切声像图显示椎动脉V3段呈"倒U形"绕侧块进入枕骨大孔,排除发育不良者,测V3段D为(3.52±0.39)mm、PSV及EDV分别为(43.33±9.05)、(21.87±5.86)cm/s、RI为(0.49±0.11)。结论超声是检查枕下三角及其内容物的理想方法。     

Primary Conservative Therapy for Symptomatic Isolated Mesenteric Artery Dissection with Severely Compressed True Lumen or Large Dissecting Aneurysm

PurposeTo investigate the safety and effectiveness of primary conservative therapy for patients with symptomatic isolated mesenteric artery dissection (IMAD) with a severely compressed true lumen and/or a large dissecting aneurysm.Materials and MethodsA total of 35 consecutive patients (all men; median age, 53 y) with symptomatic IMAD with a severely compressed true lumen and/or a large dissecting aneurysm but without intestinal necrosis or arterial rupture who were treated with primary conservative therapy between November 2018 and February 2020 were assessed. A severely compressed true lumen was defined as luminal stenosis > 70%. A large dissecting aneurysm was defined as dissecting aneurysm diameter ≥ 1.5 times larger than the normal mesenteric artery diameter.ResultsThere was a strong positive relationship among abdominal pain, degree of luminal stenosis, and length of dissection (R = 0.811; P < .001). Conservative treatment was successful in all patients. Abdominal pain was eliminated within 4.7 d ± 4.8 (range, 2–31 d) in all patients, within 3.6 d ± 1.2 (range, 2–6) in the 31 patients with minor or moderate abdominal pain, and within 13.3 d ± 11.9 (range, 6–31 d) in the 4 patients with severe abdominal pain. Complete or partial remodeling of the mesenteric artery was achieved in 6 (17.1%) and 29 (82.9%) patients, respectively, during 8.6 mo ± 4.3 of follow-up.ConclusionsPrimary conservative therapy can be used safely and effectively in patients with symptomatic IMAD with a severely compressed true lumen and/or a large dissecting aneurysm but without intestinal necrosis or arterial rupture.     

Cerebrovascular events during pregnancy and puerperium

Though cerebrovascular complications of pregnancy remain relatively rare, they represent a potentially devastating event that necessitates prompt identification and treatment. Eighteen percent of strokes occurring in young women are linked to pregnancy. They occur mostly in the third trimester or during the post-partum period. Their biggest risk factors are hypertension, preeclampsia/eclampsia and migraine. Cerebrovascular events occurring during this period may involve specific pathophysiological processes that include embolic phenomena or endothelial dysfunction, but can also have common etiologies that are simply favored by the context of pregnancy. Thus, posterior encephalopathy and vasoconstriction cerebral syndrome are relatively frequently involved in cerebrovascular complications of pregnancy. Other very specific causes like amniotic fluid embolism or postpartum cardiomyopathy can also be responsible for such events. The management of stroke during pregnancy must be multidisciplinary and include a neurovascular expertise. Some conditions can lead to a long-life follow-up and modify the management of a future pregnancy.     

Epileptogenic modulation index and synchronization in hypsarrhythmia of West syndrome secondary to perinatal arterial ischemic stroke

ObjectivePerinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS) is associated with epileptic spasms of West syndrome (WS) and long term Focal epilepsy (FE). The mechanism of epileptogenic network generation causing hypsarrhythmia of WS is unknown. We hypothesized that Modulation index (MI) [strength of phase-amplitude coupling] and Synchronization likelihood (SL) [degree of connectivity] could interrogate the epileptogenic network in hypsarrhythmia of WS secondary to PAIS.MethodsWe analyzed interictal scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in 10 WS and 11 FE patients with unilateral PAIS. MI between gamma (30–70 Hz) and slow waves (3–4 Hz) was calculated to measure phase-amplitude coupling. SL between electrode pairs was analyzed in 9-frequency bands (5-delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma) to examine inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity.ResultsMI was higher in affected hemispheres in WS (p = 0.006); no differences observed in FE. Inter-hemispheric SL of 3-delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma bands was significantly higher in WS (p < 0.001). In WS, modified Z-Score of intra-hemispheric SL values in 3-delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma in the affected hemispheres were significantly higher than those in the unaffected hemispheres (p < 0.001) as well as 0.5–4 Hz (p = 0.004).ConclusionsThe significantly higher modulation in affected hemisphere and stronger inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity generate hypsarrhythmia of WS secondary to PAIS.SignificanceEpileptogenic cortical-subcortical transcallosal networks from affected hemisphere post-PAIS provokes infantile spasms.     

Demarcation of arteriopulmonary segments: a novel and effective method for the identification of pulmonary segments

ObjectiveEach pulmonary segment is an anatomical and functional unit. However, it is fundamentally difficult to precisely distinguish every pulmonary segment using the conventional pulmonary intersegmental planes from computed tomography images. Building arteriopulmonary segments is likely to be an effective way to identify pulmonary segments.MethodsThe thoracic computed tomography images of 40 patients were collected. The anatomic structures of interest were extracted in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes using the semi-automated segmentation tools provided by Amira software. The intrapulmonary vessels were subsequently segmented and reconstructed. The distributions of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchi were observed. In patients with pulmonary masses, the mass was also reconstructed.ResultsThe three-dimensional reconstructed images showed the branches of the pulmonary artery ramified up to their eighth order covering the entire lung as well as evident intersegmental gaps without pulmonary arteries. The segmental artery was closely accompanied by the segmental bronchi in 486 pulmonary segments (90% of total number of segments). The size and spatial location of the pulmonary mass within a pulmonary segment were also clearly visible.ConclusionsDemarcation of arteriopulmonary segments can be used to precisely distinguish every pulmonary segment and provide its detailed anatomical structure before pulmonary segmentectomy.     

Influence of coronary stenosis location on diagnostic performance of machine learning-based fractional flow reserve from CT angiography

BackgroundCompared with invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary CT angiography (cCTA) is limited in detecting hemodynamically relevant lesions. cCTA-based FFR (CT-FFR) is an approach to overcome this insufficiency by use of computational fluid dynamics. Applying recent innovations in computer science, a machine learning (ML) method for CT-FFR derivation was introduced and showed improved diagnostic performance compared to cCTA alone. We sought to investigate the influence of stenosis location in the coronary artery system on the performance of ML-CT-FFR in a large, multicenter cohort.MethodsThree hundred and thirty patients (75.2% male, median age 63 years) with 502 coronary artery stenoses were included in this substudy of the MACHINE (Machine Learning Based CT Angiography Derived FFR: A Multi-Center Registry) registry. Correlation of ML-CT-FFR with the invasive reference standard FFR was assessed and pooled diagnostic performance of ML-CT-FFR and cCTA was determined separately for the following stenosis locations: RCA, LAD, LCX, proximal, middle, and distal vessel segments.ResultsML-CT-FFR correlated well with invasive FFR across the different stenosis locations. Per-lesion analysis revealed improved diagnostic accuracy of ML-CT-FFR compared with conventional cCTA for stenoses in the RCA (71.8% [95% confidence interval, 63.0%–79.5%] vs. 54.8% [45.7%–63.8%]), LAD (79.3 [73.9–84.0] vs. 59.6 [53.5–65.6]), LCX (84.1 [76.0–90.3] vs. 63.7 [54.1–72.6]), proximal (81.5 [74.6–87.1] vs. 63.8 [55.9–71.2]), middle (81.2 [75.7–85.9] vs. 59.4 [53.0–65.6]) and distal stenosis location (67.4 [57.0–76.6] vs. 51.6 [41.1–62.0]).ConclusionIn a multicenter cohort with high disease prevalence, ML-CT-FFR offered improved diagnostic performance over cCTA for detecting hemodynamically relevant stenoses regardless of their location.     

Physiological determinants of residual cerebral arterial pulsatility on best medical treatment after TIA or minor stroke

Cerebral arterial pulsatility is strongly associated with cerebral small vessel disease and lacunar stroke yet its dependence on central versus local haemodynamic processes is unclear. In a population-based study of patients on best medical managment, 4–6 weeks after a TIA or non-disabling stroke, arterial stiffness and aortic systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures were measured (Sphygmocor). Middle cerebral artery peak and trough flow velocities and Gosling’s pulsatility index were measured by transcranial ultrasound. In 981 participants, aortic and cerebral pulsatility rose strongly with age in both sexes, but aortic diastolic pressure fell more with age in men whilst cerebral trough velocity fell more in women. There was no significant association between aortic systolic or diastolic blood pressure with cerebral peak or trough flow velocity but aortic pulse pressure explained 37% of the variance in cerebral arterial pulsatility, before adjustment, whilst 49% of the variance was explained by aortic pulse pressure, arterial stiffness, age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, arterial stiffness partially mediated the relationship between aortic and cerebral pulsatility. Overall, absolute aortic pressures and cerebral blood flow velocity were poorly correlated but aortic and cerebral pulsatility were strongly related, suggesting a key role for transmission of aortic pulsatility to the brain.     

磁共振弥散张量成像在脑小血管病中的应用进展

随着人口老龄化进程的加速,脑小血管病(CSVD)的发病率也在不断上升,其导致的多种症状严重影响了患者的生活质量。MRI弥散张量成像(DTI)作为新近发展的影像技术,有无创显示白质纤维超微结构等优点,已被广泛用于疾病早期诊断、病情预测、治疗评估等多方面的研究。本文即就DTI技术在CSVD中的研究现状和未来发展前景进行综述。     

Splenic Artery Embolization after Delayed Splenic Rupture Following Blunt Trauma: Is Nonoperative Management Still an Option in This Cohort?

Patients treated with splenic artery embolization (SAE) >48 hours after a blunt injury for a delayed splenic rupture (DSR) were assessed for the need for a subsequent splenectomy. Thirty-four patients underwent SAE for DSR over 10 years at our level 1 trauma center, performed at a median of 4.5 days after the injury (interquartile range = 5.5), and the patients were followed up for a median of 11 months (interquartile range = 31). There were 3 occurrences of rebleeds, and 2 patients required splenectomy (5.9%). This study showed that treatment with SAE after DSR results in splenic salvage in 94.1% of patients.     

Venous Sac and Feeding Artery Embolization versus Feeding Artery Embolization Alone for Treating Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Draining Vein Size Outcomes

PurposeTo investigate and compare venous sac and feeding artery embolization (VFE) with feeding artery embolization (FAE) alone for treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), based on difference in outcomes in decrease of the size of the draining vein.Materials and MethodsTwenty-six patients (7 male and 19 female; median age [interquartile range], 58 years [46–65 years]) with 42 simple PAVMs treated with coil embolization between August 2005 and December 2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty PAVMs were treated with FAE early in the study period and compared with 22 PAVMs treated with VFE later in the study period. Follow-up computed tomography images obtained 8–20 months after embolotherapy were used for outcome analysis. Data related to patient demographics; follow-up period; baseline diameters of the feeding artery, venous sac, and draining vein; draining vein diameter after treatment; and decrease in the size of the draining vein, including the number reaching a threshold of 70% decrease, were compared between the 2 groups.ResultsThe draining vein decreased in size by a median of 46.4% in the FAE group and 66.3% in the VFE group, and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P = .009). There were no significant differences in the other parameters.ConclusionsVFE leads to a greater decrease in the size of the draining vein than FAE, suggesting that VFE results in more complete occlusion than FAE for treatment of PAVMs.